Blockchain

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Blockchain
In short, blockchain is a immutable linked list of hashes. Which can be used to solve the double spending problem in cryptocurrencies using proof of work (or other methods) and a persistent chain of records (blocks mined).
Consensus algorithms
PoW: The more hashing power the more trust worthy.
PoS: The more coins the more trust worthy.
PBFT: Hand selected trusted nodes.
Randomized asynchronous algorithm: You trust nobody! Every single node is constantly re-evaluated. (Skycoin)
Interesting applications
​Tezos​
​Polkadot​
​Horizon State - Digital voting.
​Blockstack - Decentralized apps on Blockstack let you own your data so you can maintain your privacy, security and freedom.
​Cardano - Cryptographic currency implementing Ouroboros PoS protocol.
​Iden3 - Decentralized identity management solution.
​Gnosis - Through blockchain-based, decentralized platforms, we enable the redistribution of resources—from assets to incentives, and information to ideas.
​Digital Asset - Automate and synchronize business processes.
​Purple Protocol - Global Decentralized Ledger Infrastructure.
​Slingshot - New blockchain architecture under active development, with a strong focus on scalability, privacy and safety.
​arweave - New type of storage that backs data with sustainable and perpetual endowments, allowing users and developers to store data forever.
​Foundation - Reclaiming the idea of the stock market to benefit creators and collectors directly.
​Zilliqa​
​Zilliqa - Scalable smart contract platform that aims to tackle the congestion issue plaguing the blockchain industry.
Notes
​As blockchain scalability gets better and better, and UX improves and fees drop as a result, this will become a bigger and bigger part of the story.​
Links
​Let's build a blockchain! — A mini-cryptocurrency in Ruby (Haseeb Qureshi) (2017) - Great intro to blockchain.
​What is blockchain​
​18 Blockchain Predictions for 2018​
​Learn Blockchain in 2 months​
​Emerging New Trends in Blockchain Technologies​
​Mechanism design challenges in cryptocurrency and blockchains by Buterin Slides​
​Edward Snowden Explains Blockchain to His Lawyer — and the Rest of Us​
​EOS - Open source smart contract platform.
​The Graph - Discover subgraphs by the leading projects in the Web3 ecosystem. All this data is immediately available for querying using GraphQL.
​IELE Semantics - Semantics of Virtual Machine for IELE prototype blockchain.
​Why Blockchain Could (One Day) Topple Google (2017)​
​Squeezer Framework - Build serverless dApps.
​Castle Island Ventures - Venture capital firm focused exclusively on public blockchains.
​Zero knowledge podcast​
​Ara - Blockchain powered global rewards system.
​Understanding Blockchain Technologies — A Comprehensive Guide (2019)​
​Hedera Hashgraph - Enterprise-grade public network for decentralized applications.
​Toychain - Minimalistic blockchain consensus implemented and verified in Coq.
​Scilla - Smart Contract Intermediate Level Language.
​HotStuff: BFT Consensus in the Lens of Blockchain (2018)​
​Full Node - Aspiring blockchain node.
​Concordium - Improved smart contract platform and ecosystem for real-world businesses.
​NEAR Protocol - Scalable and usable blockchain.
​Harmony - Core protocol of harmony.
​DAML - Build full-stack, distributed applications for DLT, Blockchain, or databases in days. (Code) (Article)
​Solana - New blockchain architecture built from the ground up for scale. The architecture supports up to 710 thousand transactions per second on a gigabit network.
​go-algorand - Algorand's official implementation in Go.
​MIT: Blockchain and Money (2018) (Lectures)
​Substrate Recipes - Cookbook of working examples that demonstrate best practices when building blockchains with Substrate. (Code)
​Zebra - Rust implementation of a Zcash node.
​Mechanism Design with Blockchain Enforcement (2020)​
​Ask HN: Are there any substantial examples of blockchain solving a real problem? (2020)​
​Deconstructing Stellar Consensus (Extended Version) (2019)​
​ink! - eDSL to write WebAssembly based smart contracts using the Rust programming language targeting Substrate blockchains.
​Experimental blockchain database​
​David Gerard: Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain​
​Build a Blockchain from Scratch in Go (2020)​
​Smart Contract Languages - Curated collection of resources on smart contract programming languages.
​BlockAtlas - Clean explorer API and transaction observer for cryptocurrencies.
​Rosetta - Open standard designed to simplify blockchain deployment and interaction.
​Band Protocol - Cross-Chain Data Oracle. (Code)
​Tendermint Core - Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) middleware that takes a state transition machine - written in any programming language - and securely replicates it on many machines. (Web)
​Orga - Stack for building blockchain applications powered by Tendermint consensus.
​Cosmos SDK - Framework for building blockchain applications in Golang.
​Gaia - Implementation of Cosmos Hub, built using the Cosmos SDK.
​OpenZeppelin Contracts - Library for secure smart contract development.
​A Philosophy of Blockchain Validation (2020)​
​Blockchain, the Solution for Almost Nothing (HN) (Lobsters)
​ViewBlock - Blockchain exploration for the masses.
​Foundations of Distributed Consensus and Blockchains (HN)
​DAO Landscape​
​Zerochain - Privacy-preserving blockchain on Substrate. (Docs)
​Gnosis Safe Contracts - Allows secure management of blockchain assets. (Web)
​Stateless Blockchain on Substrate using RSA Accumulators​
​Mina Protocol - Lightest blockchain, powered by participants.
​Agoric - Secure smart contracts. (Platform SDK)
​You Don’t Need a Blockchain, You Need a Time-Series Database (2020) (Lobsters) (HN)
​GoChain - Fast, sustainable web3 based blockchain protocol.
​Ask HN: What are real-life useful use-cases for blockchain (not currencies)? (2020)​
​Security and Privacy of Blockchain Protocols and Applications (2020)​
​The Future of Blockchain with Nick Szabo, Adam Back, & David Chaum (2019)​
​Going from Bad to Worse: From Internet Voting to Blockchain Voting (2020)​
​It's not that bad: Open letter to MIT Digital Currency Initiative on anonymous voting (2020) (Lobsters)
​Blockchain and Trust (2019)​
​Elements Project blockchain platform - Open Source implementation of advanced blockchain features extending the Bitcoin protocol. (Code)
​IRISHub - BPoS blockchain that enables cross-chain interoperability through a unified service model. Built with Cosmos-SDK.
​AergoLite - Replicated SQLite database secured by a private and lightweight blockchain.
​Secret Network - Blockchain-based, open-source protocol that lets anyone perform computations on encrypted data, bringing privacy to smart contracts and public blockchains. (Web)
​Blockchain Technology and Applications | Microsoft Azure​
​Indy Node - Distributed ledger purpose-built for decentralized identity.
​Reach - Safest and Easiest DApp Programming Language. (Web)
​Elrond - Highly scalable, fast and secure blockchain platform for distributed apps, enterprise use cases and the new internet economy. (GitHub) (Code)
​Maiar - Digital wallet and global payments app that allows you to exchange and securely store money on your mobile phone. Built with Elrond.
​Hyperledger - Open Source Blockchain Technologies. (GitHub)
​CX - New programming language for blockchain.
​CovenantSQL - Decentralized, trusted, high performance, SQL database with blockchain features. (Code)
​Graph Node - Protocol for building decentralized applications (dApps) quickly on Ethereum and IPFS using GraphQL.
Ethereum
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Contents
Consensus algorithms
Interesting applications
Notes
Links